使用視窗與分頁
視窗與分頁
取得視窗控制代碼
WebDriver 不區分視窗和分頁。如果您的網站開啟新的分頁或視窗，Selenium 將允許您使用視窗控制代碼來操作它。每個視窗都有一個唯一的識別符，該識別符在單個會期中保持不變。您可以使用以下方法取得目前視窗的視窗控制代碼
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://selenium.dev.org.tw/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
assertNotNull(currHandle);driver.current_window_handle // Navigate to Url
driver.Url="https://selenium.dev.org.tw/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);driver.window_handleawait driver.getWindowHandle();driver.windowHandle切換視窗或分頁
點擊在新視窗中開啟的連結將使新視窗或分頁在螢幕上成為焦點，但 WebDriver 不會知道作業系統認為哪個視窗處於活動狀態。若要操作新視窗，您需要切換到它。為此，我們獲取所有視窗控制代碼，並將它們儲存在陣列中。陣列位置依照視窗啟動的順序填入。因此，第一個位置將是預設瀏覽器，依此類推。
//click on link to open a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title=driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Simple Page",title);from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# Open URL
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# Setup wait for later
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# Check we don't have other windows open already
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# Loop through until we find a new window handle
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
//click on link to open a new window
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title); # Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.window_handle
# Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1, 'Expected one window')
# Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(link: 'new window').click
# Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until { driver.window_handles.length == 2 }
#Loop through until we find a new window handle
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until { driver.title == 'Selenium documentation'}
//Store the ID of the original window
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
//Click the link which opens in a new window
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
//Wait for the new window or tab
await driver.wait(
async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {
if (handle !== originalWindow) {
await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);
//Store the ID of the original window
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
關閉視窗或分頁
當您完成視窗或分頁的操作，且它不是瀏覽器中最後一個開啟的視窗或分頁時，您應該關閉它並切換回先前使用的視窗。假設您遵循了前一節的程式碼範例，您將會把先前的視窗控制代碼儲存在變數中。將這些組合在一起，您將得到
//closing current window
driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]); #Close the tab or window
driver.close()
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
//closing current window
driver.Close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]); #Close the tab or window
driver.close
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window original_window
//Close the tab or window
await driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
//Close the tab or window
driver.close()
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)
關閉視窗後忘記切換回另一個視窗控制代碼，將導致 WebDriver 在現在已關閉的頁面上執行，並觸發 No Such Window Exception 錯誤。您必須切換回有效的視窗控制代碼才能繼續執行。
建立新視窗 (或) 新分頁並切換
建立新的視窗 (或) 分頁，並使新的視窗或分頁在螢幕上成為焦點。您無需切換即可操作新的視窗 (或) 分頁。如果您除了新視窗外還開啟了兩個以上的視窗 (或) 分頁，您可以遍歷 WebDriver 可以看到的所有視窗或分頁，並切換到非原始的那個。
注意：此功能適用於 Selenium 4 及更高版本。
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle()); # Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);開啟新分頁並切換到新分頁
driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab)開啟新視窗並切換到新視窗
driver.switch_to.new_window(:window)開啟新分頁並切換到新分頁開啟新視窗並切換到新視窗
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('tab'); await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window');// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
在會期結束時關閉瀏覽器
當您完成瀏覽器會期時，應呼叫 quit，而不是 close
//quitting driver
driver.quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quit() //quitting driver
driver.Quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quitawait driver.quit();driver.quit()- Quit 將會
- 關閉與該 WebDriver 會期相關聯的所有視窗和分頁
- 關閉瀏覽器程序
- 關閉背景驅動程式程序
- 通知 Selenium Grid 瀏覽器不再使用中，因此可以由另一個會期使用 (如果您正在使用 Selenium Grid)
未呼叫 quit 將會在您的機器上留下額外的背景程序和埠口仍在運行，這可能會在稍後造成問題。
某些測試框架提供方法和註釋，您可以Hook into以在測試結束時進行清理。
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.dev.org.tw/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
# unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
/*
Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{
driver.Quit();
}
# UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end
/**
* Example using Mocha
* https://mocha.dev.org.tw/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {
await driver.quit();
});
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.dev.org.tw/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}
如果未在測試環境中運行 WebDriver，您可以考慮使用大多數語言提供的 try / finally，以便即使發生例外情況，仍然可以清理 WebDriver 會期。
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
try:
#WebDriver code here...
finally:
driver.quit()
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
begin
#WebDriver code here...
ensure
driver.quit
end
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
await driver.quit();
}
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
Python 的 WebDriver 現在支援 Python 語境管理器，當使用 with 關鍵字時，可以在執行結束時自動結束驅動程式。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver code here...
# WebDriver will automatically quit after indentation
視窗管理
螢幕解析度可能會影響您的 Web 應用程式的呈現方式，因此 WebDriver 提供了移動和調整瀏覽器視窗大小的機制。
取得視窗大小
以像素為單位獲取瀏覽器視窗的大小。
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height;
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height
個別存取每個維度(或) 儲存維度並稍後查詢它們
const { width, height } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const windowWidth = rect.width;
const windowHeight = rect.height;//Access each dimension individually
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height
設定視窗大小
還原視窗並設定視窗大小。
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)await driver.manage().window().setRect({ width: 1024, height: 768 });driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)取得視窗位置
獲取瀏覽器視窗左上角的座標。
// Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();
# Access each dimension individually
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')
//Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y;
#Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y
個別存取每個維度(或) 儲存維度並稍後查詢它們
const { x, y } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const x1 = rect.x;
const y1 = rect.y;// Access each dimension individually
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y
設定視窗位置
將視窗移動到選定的位置。
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));
# Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);
driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
await driver.manage().window().setRect({ x: 0, y: 0 });
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)
最大化視窗
放大視窗。對於大多數作業系統，視窗將填滿螢幕，而不會遮擋作業系統自己的選單和工具列。
driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.maximize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();driver.manage.window.maximizeawait driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.manage().window().maximize()最小化視窗
最小化目前瀏覽上下文的視窗。此命令的確切行為特定於個別視窗管理器。
「最小化視窗」通常會將視窗隱藏在系統匣中。
注意：此功能適用於 Selenium 4 及更高版本。
driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.minimize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();driver.manage.window.minimizeawait driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.manage().window().minimize()全螢幕視窗
填滿整個螢幕，類似於在大多數瀏覽器中按下 F11。
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.fullscreen_window()driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();driver.manage.window.full_screenawait driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.manage().window().fullscreen()螢幕截圖
用於捕獲目前瀏覽上下文的螢幕截圖。WebDriver 端點 screenshot 會返回以 Base64 格式編碼的螢幕截圖。
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit() using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
end
// Captures the screenshot
let encodedString = await driver.takeScreenshot();
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
元素螢幕截圖
用於捕獲目前瀏覽上下文中元素的螢幕截圖。WebDriver 端點 screenshot 會返回以 Base64 格式編碼的螢幕截圖。
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Captures the element screenshot
let encodedString = await header.takeScreenshot(true);
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
執行腳本
在選定框架或視窗的目前上下文中執行 JavaScript 程式碼片段。
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)
//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
let text = await driver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText', header);// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
列印頁面
在瀏覽器中列印目前頁面。
注意：這需要 Chromium 瀏覽器處於無頭模式
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://selenium.dev.org.tw");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)
// code sample not available please raise a PR
driver.navigate_to 'https://selenium.dev.org.tw'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape')
await driver.get('https://selenium.dev.org.tw/selenium/web/alerts.html');
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges: ["1-2"]});
// page can be saved as a PDF as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
driver.get("https://selenium.dev.org.tw")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.content
